What condition may result from excessive NSAID use, particularly affecting the kidneys?

Nephrotoxicity is a well-established adverse effect of excessive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which play a crucial role in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have several important functions, including maintaining adequate blood flow to the kidneys, regulating sodium and water balance, and promoting renal function. When NSAIDs are used excessively, the suppression of prostaglandin synthesis can lead to various renal impairments.

The reduction in prostaglandin levels can cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles in the kidneys, leading to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and resulting in acute kidney injury. Chronic use of NSAIDs can also lead to chronic interstitial nephritis and can exacerbate underlying kidney disease. Hence, nephrotoxicity is a direct consequence of the way NSAIDs affect renal hemodynamics and function.

Hyperkalemia, while it can be related to renal impairment, is not the direct consequence of NSAID action itself. Hepatitis and pancreatitis are conditions that are not directly linked to NSAID use; they involve different pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore,