What is a common adverse effect associated with morphine sulfate?

Morphine sulfate is an opioid analgesic commonly used for pain management, and one of its most significant and dangerous adverse effects is respiratory depression. This occurs because morphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system, which not only reduces pain perception but also inhibits the brain's respiratory centers.

When morphine is administered, particularly in higher doses, it can lead to a decreased respiratory rate and depth of breathing. This poses a serious risk, as adequate respiratory function is critical for effective oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. In severe cases, respiratory depression can lead to hypoxia or respiratory arrest.

While drowsiness, nausea and vomiting are also common adverse effects of morphine, they are generally less critical than respiratory depression. Increased urine output is not typically associated with morphine use, as opioids tend to have the opposite effect by affecting the renal system and potentially causing urinary retention. Therefore, respiratory depression is recognized as the most notable and serious adverse effect associated with the use of morphine sulfate.