What is an example of a medication that can cause nephrotoxicity?

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics known for their potential nephrotoxic effects, particularly when used in high doses or for prolonged periods. They can lead to acute kidney injury by causing damage to the renal tubules. This occurs due to the accumulation of the drug within the renal cortex, leading to cellular injury and apoptosis of renal tubular cells.

In contrast, while ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can also lead to renal impairment, particularly when used chronically or in certain populations (like those with pre-existing kidney conditions or dehydration), its nephrotoxic potential is generally less pronounced than that of aminoglycosides. Acetaminophen, at therapeutic doses, is not typically associated with nephrotoxicity but can cause liver damage in overdose situations. Penicillin, while it can have some renal effects, is not recognized for significant nephrotoxic potential compared to aminoglycosides. Thus, aminoglycosides stand out clearly as a medication class known specifically for causing nephrotoxicity.