Which of the following is a common side effect of NSAIDs?

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a recognized and significant side effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These medications work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which play a crucial role in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are compounds that not only promote inflammation but also protect the stomach lining by stimulating mucus and bicarbonate secretion and regulating gastric acid production. When NSAIDs inhibit COX-1, which is primarily involved in gastric mucosal protection, this can lead to gastrointestinal irritation, ulcer formation, and ultimately, bleeding.

In addition to gastrointestinal bleeding, patients taking NSAIDs may also experience symptoms such as stomach pain, nausea, or dyspepsia. While other side effects, such as renal impairment or cardiovascular issues, may occur with prolonged use or in specific populations, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding is particularly relevant and well-documented. This highlights the importance of monitoring and possibly using protective agents like proton pump inhibitors in patients who require prolonged NSAID therapy.